Mixed-Mode Project Examples

This document provides complete examples of mixed-mode projects using AutoLang's mode selection feature.

Example 1: Embedded Firmware with HAL

Project Structure

embedded_firmware/
├── pac.at              # Project manifest
├── src/
│   ├── main.at         # Main AutoVM application
│   └── hal.at          # Hardware abstraction (C transpilation)
└── target/
    ├── main.bc         # AutoVM bytecode
    ├── hal.c           # Generated C code
    ├── hal.h           # Generated C header
    └── hal.o           # Compiled C object

pac.at

name: "embedded_firmware"
version: "1.0.0"
mode: "autovm"  # Main app uses AutoVM

app("embedded_firmware") {
    dependencies: [
        "std:core",
        ("hal", mode: "c"),  # Hardware layer in C
    ]
}

src/hal.at (C Transpilation)

// Hardware Abstraction Layer - transpiled to C

// GPIO functions
#[c]
fn gpio_init(pin int) int {
    // C implementation will be generated
    // Returns 0 on success
    0
}

#[c]
fn gpio_set_direction(pin int, direction int) int {
    0
}

#[c]
fn gpio_write(pin int, value int) int {
    0
}

#[c]
fn gpio_read(pin int) int {
    0
}

// SPI functions
#[c]
fn spi_init() int {
    0
}

#[c]
fn spi_transfer(data int) int {
    0
}

// I2C functions
#[c]
fn i2c_init(address int) int {
    0
}

#[c]
fn i2c_write(data int) int {
    0
}

#[c]
fn i2c_read() int {
    0
}

src/main.at (AutoVM)

// Main application - runs on AutoVM
extern "c" {
    // GPIO functions from HAL
    fn gpio_init(pin int) int;
    fn gpio_set_direction(pin int, direction int) int;
    fn gpio_write(pin int, value int) int;
    fn gpio_read(pin int) int;

    // SPI functions from HAL
    fn spi_init() int;
    fn spi_transfer(data int) int;

    // I2C functions from HAL
    fn i2c_init(address int) int;
    fn i2c_write(data int) int;
    fn i2c_read() int;
}

// Constants
const LED_PIN = 13
const OUTPUT = 1
const INPUT = 0
const HIGH = 1
const LOW = 0

fn setup() int {
    // Initialize LED pin
    let result = gpio_init(LED_PIN);
    if result != 0 {
        say("Failed to initialize GPIO")
        return result
    }

    result = gpio_set_direction(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
    if result != 0 {
        say("Failed to set GPIO direction")
        return result
    }

    // Initialize SPI
    result = spi_init();
    if result != 0 {
        say("Failed to initialize SPI")
        return result
    }

    say("Setup complete")
    0
}

fn loop() {
    // Blink LED
    gpio_write(LED_PIN, HIGH);
    // delay(1000);  // TODO: Implement delay

    gpio_write(LED_PIN, LOW);
    // delay(1000);

    // Read sensor via SPI
    let sensor_data = spi_transfer(0x00);
    say("Sensor data: " + sensor_data)
}

fn main() {
    let setup_result = setup();
    if setup_result == 0 {
        // Main loop
        loop()
    }
}

Build Process

#!/bin/bash
# build.sh

# 1. Transpile HAL to C
auto trans_c src/hal.at -o target/hal

# 2. Compile HAL to object file
gcc -c -o target/hal.o target/hal.c

# 3. Compile main app to AutoVM bytecode
auto build src/main.at -o target/main.bc

# 4. Link everything together
# This step depends on your specific runtime
# (AutoVM runtime + HAL object file)

echo "Build complete!"

Example 2: Server Application with Crypto

Project Structure

secure_server/
├── pac.at
├── src/
│   ├── main.at         # Server logic (AutoVM)
│   ├── crypto.at       # Crypto library (Rust transpilation)
│   └── database.at     # Database layer (AutoVM)
└── target/
    ├── main.bc
    ├── crypto.rs
    └── database.bc

pac.at

name: "secure_server"
version: "1.0.0"
mode: "autovm"

app("secure_server") {
    dependencies: [
        "std:core",
        "std:io",
        "std:net",
        ("crypto", mode: "rust"),  # High-performance crypto
        "database",                # Database logic in AutoVM
    ]
}

src/crypto.at (Rust Transpilation)

// Cryptographic functions - transpiled to Rust

#[rust]
fn sha256_hash(data str) str {
    // Rust implementation will be generated
    "hash_placeholder"
}

#[rust]
fn aes_encrypt(plaintext str, key str) str {
    "encrypted_placeholder"
}

#[rust]
fn aes_decrypt(ciphertext str, key str) str {
    "decrypted_placeholder"
}

#[rust]
fn hmac_sign(message str, key str) str {
    "signature_placeholder"
}

#[rust]
fn hmac_verify(message str, signature str, key str) int {
    1  # Return 1 for valid
}

src/database.at (AutoVM)

// Database layer - pure AutoVM

type User struct {
    id int
    username str
    email str
    password_hash str
}

type Database struct {
    users List<User>
}

fn database_new() Database {
    Database {
        users: List.new()
    }
}

fn (db Database) add_user(username str, email str, password str) int {
    let user = User {
        id: db.users.len() + 1,
        username: username,
        email: email,
        password_hash: password,  # TODO: Hash with crypto module
    }
    db.users.push(user)
    user.id
}

fn (db Database) get_user(id int) Option<User> {
    if id >= 0 && id < db.users.len() {
        Some(db.users.get(id))
    } else {
        None
    }
}

fn (db Database) authenticate(username str, password str) int {
    let user_id = -1

    for i in 0..db.users.len() {
        let user = db.users.get(i)
        if user.username == username && user.password_hash == password {
            user_id = user.id
            break
        }
    }

    user_id
}

src/main.at (AutoVM)

依赖模块示例

此示例依赖多文件模块，不能在书页内运行——请到 Playground

extern "rust" {
    // Crypto functions from Rust library
    fn sha256_hash(data str) str;
    fn aes_encrypt(plaintext str, key str) str;
    fn aes_decrypt(ciphertext str, key str) str;
    fn hmac_sign(message str, key str) str;
    fn hmac_verify(message str, signature str, key str) int;
}

use database::{Database, User}

type Server struct {
    db Database
    secret_key str
}

fn server_new() Server {
    let db = database_new()
    let key = "super_secret_key_12345"

    Server {
        db: db,
        secret_key: key
    }
}

fn (s Server) handle_register(username str, email str, password str) str {
    // Hash password with SHA-256
    let password_hash = sha256_hash(password)

    // Add user to database
    let user_id = s.db.add_user(username, email, password_hash)

    // Sign response
    let message = "User registered: " + username
    let signature = hmac_sign(message, s.secret_key)

    // Return signed response
    message + "|" + signature
}

fn (s Server) handle_login(username str, password str) str {
    // Hash password
    let password_hash = sha256_hash(password)

    // Authenticate
    let user_id = s.db.authenticate(username, password_hash)

    if user_id >= 0 {
        let user = s.db.get_user(user_id)
        let message = "Login successful: " + user.username
        let signature = hmac_sign(message, s.secret_key)
        message + "|" + signature
    } else {
        let message = "Login failed"
        let signature = hmac_sign(message, s.secret_key)
        message + "|" + signature
    }
}

fn (s Server) handle_encrypt(data str) str {
    aes_encrypt(data, s.secret_key)
}

fn (s Server) handle_decrypt(data str) str {
    aes_decrypt(data, s.secret_key)
}

fn main() {
    let server = server_new()

    // Register a test user
    let response = server.handle_register("alice", "alice@example.com", "password123")
    say("Register response: " + response)

    // Test login
    let login_response = server.handle_login("alice", "password123")
    say("Login response: " + login_response)

    // Test encryption
    let encrypted = server.handle_encrypt("Hello, World!")
    say("Encrypted: " + encrypted)

    let decrypted = server.handle_decrypt(encrypted)
    say("Decrypted: " + decrypted)
}

Build Process

#!/bin/bash
# build.sh

# 1. Transpile crypto to Rust
auto trans_rust src/crypto.at -o target/crypto

# 2. Compile Rust library
cargo build --release --lib -p crypto

# 3. Compile database to AutoVM bytecode
auto build src/database.at -o target/database.bc

# 4. Compile main app to AutoVM bytecode
auto build src/main.at -o target/main.bc

echo "Build complete!"

Example 3: GUI Application

Project Structure

desktop_app/
├── pac.at
├── src/
│   ├── main.at         # Application logic (AutoVM)
│   ├── graphics.at     # Graphics engine (C transpilation)
│   └── ui.at           # UI framework (AutoVM)
└── target/
    ├── main.bc
    ├── graphics.c
    ├── graphics.h
    └── ui.bc

pac.at

name: "desktop_app"
version: "1.0.0"
mode: "autovm"

app("desktop_app") {
    dependencies: [
        "std:core",
        "std:io",
        ("graphics", mode: "c"),  # Low-level graphics in C
        "ui",                     # UI framework in AutoVM
    ]
}

src/graphics.at (C Transpilation)

// Graphics engine - transpiled to C

#[c]
fn window_init(width int, height int, title str) int {
    0
}

#[c]
fn window_close() int {
    0
}

#[c]
fn window_poll_events() int {
    0
}

#[c]
fn graphics_clear(r int, g int, b int) int {
    0
}

#[c]
fn graphics_present() int {
    0
}

#[c]
fn rectangle_draw(x int, y int, width int, height int, color int) int {
    0
}

#[c]
fn text_draw(x int, y int, text str, color int) int {
    0
}

src/ui.at (AutoVM)

依赖模块示例

此示例依赖多文件模块，不能在书页内运行——请到 Playground

// UI framework - pure AutoVM

use std::core::{List, String}

type Button struct {
    x int
    y int
    width int
    height int
    text str
    onclick fn()
    enabled int
}

type ButtonState struct {
    hovered int
    pressed int
}

fn button_new(x int, y int, width int, height int, text str) Button {
    Button {
        x: x,
        y: y,
        width: width,
        height: height,
        text: text,
        onclick: fn() {},
        enabled: 1
    }
}

fn (b Button) draw() {
    let color = 0xCCCCCC  # Gray

    if b.enabled {
        color = 0x00FF00  # Green
    }

    rectangle_draw(b.x, b.y, b.width, b.height, color)
    text_draw(b.x + 10, b.y + 10, b.text, 0x000000)
}

fn (b Button) is_clicked(mouse_x int, mouse_y int) int {
    if mouse_x >= b.x && mouse_x <= b.x + b.width {
        if mouse_y >= b.y && mouse_y <= b.y + b.height {
            return 1
        }
    }
    0
}

type Window struct {
    title str
    width int
    height int
    buttons List<Button>
}

fn window_new(title str, width int, height int) Window {
    extern "c" {
        fn window_init(width int, height int, title str) int;
    }

    window_init(width, height, title);

    Window {
        title: title,
        width: width,
        height: height,
        buttons: List.new()
    }
}

fn (w Window) add_button(button Button) {
    w.buttons.push(button)
}

fn (w Window) run() {
    extern "c" {
        fn window_poll_events() int;
        fn graphics_clear(r int, g int, b int) int;
        fn graphics_present() int;
    }

    while window_poll_events() != 0 {
        graphics_clear(50, 50, 50)  # Dark gray background

        # Draw all buttons
        for i in 0..w.buttons.len() {
            let button = w.buttons.get(i)
            button.draw()
        }

        graphics_present()
    }
}

src/main.at (AutoVM)

依赖模块示例

此示例依赖多文件模块，不能在书页内运行——请到 Playground

extern "c" {
    fn window_init(width int, height int, title str) int;
    fn window_close() int;
    fn window_poll_events() int;
    fn graphics_clear(r int, g int, b int) int;
    fn graphics_present() int;
    fn rectangle_draw(x int, y int, width int, height int, color int) int;
    fn text_draw(x int, y int, text str, color int) int;
}

use ui::{Window, Button, button_new}

fn on_click_button1() {
    say("Button 1 clicked!")
}

fn on_click_button2() {
    say("Button 2 clicked!")
}

fn main() {
    # Create window
    let window = window_new("My Application", 800, 600)

    # Create buttons
    let button1 = button_new(100, 100, 200, 50, "Click Me!")
    button1.onclick = on_click_button1

    let button2 = button_new(100, 200, 200, 50, "Click Me Too!")
    button2.onclick = on_click_button2

    # Add buttons to window
    window.add_button(button1)
    window.add_button(button2)

    # Run window
    window.run()

    # Cleanup
    window_close()
}

Example 4: Pure AutoVM Project (Simplest)

Project Structure

simple_app/
├── pac.at
├── src/
│   └── main.at
└── target/
    └── main.bc

pac.at

name: "simple_app"
version: "1.0.0"
mode: "autovm"  # AutoVM is default, but explicit is good

app("simple_app") {
    dependencies: [
        "std:core",
        "std:io",
    ]
}

src/main.at

fn main() {
    say("Hello, AutoVM!")

    let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    let sum = 0

    for i in 0..len(numbers) {
        sum = sum + numbers[i]
    }

    say("Sum: " + sum)
}

Build Process

#!/bin/bash
# build.sh

# Build to AutoVM bytecode
auto build src/main.at -o target/main.bc

# Run
auto run target/main.bc

Summary

These examples demonstrate:

1. Embedded Firmware: HAL in C, main app in AutoVM
2. Secure Server: Crypto in Rust, app logic in AutoVM
3. Desktop GUI: Graphics engine in C, UI in AutoVM
4. Simple App: Everything in AutoVM

Key Takeaways

• ✅ Flexibility: Mix and match modes as needed
• ✅ Performance: Use native code for critical paths
• ✅ Productivity: Use AutoVM for business logic
• ✅ Integration: FFI bridge connects everything

Next Steps

1. Choose the mode for each part of your project
2. Create pac.at with mode specifications
3. Implement each module in its chosen mode
4. Use extern "c" or extern "rust" for cross-mode calls
5. Build and test!

---

See Also:

• Mode Selection Guide
• FFI Usage Guide
• Plan 081